Fraden J. Handbook of Modern Sensors: Physics, Designs, and Applications

Springer, 2015. — 758 p.This book presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the theory (physical principles), design, and practical implementations of various sensors for scientific, industrial and consumer applications. This latest edition focuses on the sensing technologies driven by the expanding use of sensors in mobile devices. These new miniature sensors will be described, with an emphasis on smart sensors which have embedded processing systems. The chapter on chemical sensors has also been expanded to present the latest developments.
Digital systems, however complex and intelligent they may be, must receive information from the outside world that is generally analog and not electrical. Sensors are interface devices between various physical values and the electronic circuits that "understand" only a language of moving electrical charges. In other words, sensors are the eyes, ears, and noses of silicon chips.
Unlike other books on sensors, the Handbook of Modern Sensors is organized according to the measured variables (temperature, pressure, position, etc.). This book is a reference text for students, researchers interested in modern instrumentation (applied physicists and engineers), sensor designers, application engineers and technicians whose job it is to understand, select and/or design sensors for practical systems.Data Acquisition
Sensors, Signals, and Systems
Sensor Classification
Units of MeasurementsTransfer Functions
Mathematical Models
Calibration
Computation of Parameters
Computation of a StimulusSensor Characteristics
Sensors for Mobile Communication Devices
Span (Full-Scale Input)
Full-Scale Output
Accuracy
Calibration Erro
Hysteresis
Nonlinearity
Saturation
Repeatability
Dead Band
Resolution
Special Properties
Output Impedance
Output Format
Excitation
Dynamic Characteristics
Dynamic Models of Sensor Elements
Environmental Factors
Reliability
Application Characteristics
UncertaintyPhysical Principles of Sensing
Electric Charges, Fields, and Potentials
Capacitance
Magnetism
Induction
Resistance
Piezoelectric Effect
Pyroelectric Effect
Hall Effect
Thermoelectric Effects
Sound Waves
Temperature and Thermal Properties of Materials
Heat TransferOptical Components of Sensors
Light
Light Scattering
Geometrical Optics
Radiometry
Photometry
Windows
Mirrors
Lenses
Fiber Optics and Waveguides
Optical EfficiencyInterface Electronic Circuits
Signal Conditioners
Sensor Connections
Excitation Circuits
Analog-to-Digital Converters
Integrated Interfaces
Data Transmission
Noise in Sensors and Circuits
Batteries for Low-Power Sensors
Energy HarvestingDetectors of Humans
Ultrasonic Detectors
Microwave Motion Detectors
Micropower Impulse Radars
Ground Penetrating Radars
Linear Optical Sensors (PSD)
Capacitive Occupancy Detectors
Triboelectric Detectors
Optoelectronic Motion Detectors
Optical Presence Sensors
Pressure-Gradient Sensors
2-D Pointing Devices
Gesture Sensing (3-D Pointing)
Tactile SensorsPresence, Displacement, and Level
Potentiometric Sensors
Piezoresistive Sensors
Capacitive Sensors
Inductive and Magnetic Sensors
Optical Sensors
Thickness and Level SensorsVelocity and Acceleration
Stationary Velocity Sensors
Inertial Rotary Sensors
Inertial Linear Sensors (Accelerometers)Force and Strain
Basic Considerations
Strain Gauges
Pressure-Sensitive Films
Piezoelectric Force Sensors
Piezoelectric Cables
Optical Force SensorsPressure Sensors
Concept of Pressure
Units of Pressure
Mercury Pressure Sensor
Bellows, Membranes, and Thin Plates
Piezoresistive Sensors
Capacitive Sensors
VRP Sensors
Optoelectronic Pressure Sensors
Indirect Pressure Sensor
Vacuum SensorsFlow Sensors
Basics of Flow Dynamics
Pressure Gradient Technique
Thermal Transport Sensors
Ultrasonic Sensors
Electromagnetic Sensors
Breeze Sensor
Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors
Drag Force Flowmeter
Cantilever MEMS Sensors
Dust and Smoke DetectorsMicrophones
Microphone Characteristics
Resistive Microphones
Condenser Microphones
Electret Microphones
Optical Microphones
Piezoelectric Microphones
Dynamic MicrophonesHumidity and Moisture Sensors
Concept of Humidity
Sensor Concepts
Capacitive Humidity Sensors
Resistive Humidity Sensors
Thermal Conductivity Sensor
Optical Hygrometers
Oscillating Hygrometer
Soil MoistureLight DetectorsPhotodiode
Phototransistor
Photoresistor
Cooled Detectors
Imaging Sensors for Visible Range
UV Detectors
Thermal Radiation DetectorsDetectors of Ionizing Radiation
Scintillating Detectors
Ionization Detectors
Cloud and Bubble ChambersTemperature Sensors
Coupling with Object
Temperature References
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Ceramic Thermistors
Silicon and Germanium Thermistors
Semiconductor pn-Junction Sensors
Silicon PTC Temperature Sensors
Thermoelectric Sensors
Optical Temperature Sensors
Acoustic Temperature Sensors
Piezoelectric Temperature SensorsChemical and Biological Sensors
Overview
History
Chemical Sensor Characteristics
Electrical and Electrochemical Sensors
Photoionization Detectors
Physical Transducers
Spectrometers
Thermal Sensors
Optical Transducers
Multi-sensor Arrays
Specific DifficultiesMaterials and Technologies
Materials
Nano-materials
Surface Processing
MEMS TechnologiesAppendix