Ladenburg A. Lectures on the History of the Development of Chemistry Since the Time of Lavoisier

Book. / Edinburgh: The Alembic Club, 1900. — 373 p.Translated from the Second German Edition of 'Vorträge über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Chemie von Lavoisier bis zur Gegenwart' by Leonard Dobbin. (With additions and corrections by the author.)Albert Ladenburg (1842–1911) — Professor of Chemistry in the University of Breslau.Lecture I. Introduction — The Phlogiston Theory in its First and in its Later Acceptations — Chemical Knowledge of the Phlogistians — Pall of the System
Lecture II. Revolution of the Views regarding Combustion — Priestley — Scheele — Lavoisier — Indestructibility of Matter
Lecture III. Chemical Nomenclature — Tables of Affinity — Berthollet's Views — Controversy regarding Constant Composition
Lecture IV. Richter's Investigations — Dalton's Atomic Theory — Gay-Lussac's Law of Volumes — Avogadro's Hypothesis — WoUaston's Equivalents
Lecture V. Davy's Electro-Chemical Theory — Discovery of the Alkali Metals — Discussion regarding their Constitution — Does Hydrochloric Acid contain Oxygen? — Hydrogen Theory of Acids
Lecture VI. Berzelius and his Chemical System — Dulong and Petit's Law — Isomorphism — Prout's Hypothesis — Dumas' Vapour Density Determinations — Gmelin and his School
Lecture VII. Organic Chemistry at the commencement of its development — Attempts to determine the Elementary Constituents of Organic Compounds — Isomerism and Polymerism — Views regarding Constitution — Radical Theory
Lecture VIII. Further Development of the Radical Theory — Views concerning Alcohol and its Derivatives — Phenomena of Substitution — Dumas' Rule — The Nucleus Theory — The Equivalent of Nitrogen
Lecture IX. Graham's Investigation of Phosphoric Acid — Liebig's Theory of Polybasic Acids, and his Views with respect to Acids in general — Adoption of the Davy-Dulong Hypothesis — Discovery of Trichloracetic Acid — Attack upon the Electro-Chemical Theory — Replies of Berzeli us — Copulae
Lecture X. Influence of the School of Gmelin — Theory of Residues — Coupled Compounds — Gerhardt's Determination of Equivalents — Distinction of Atom, Molecule, and Equivalent by Laurent — New Characteristics of Polybasic Acids — Molecules of the Elements
Lecture XI. Reasons for the Assumption of the Divisibility of Elementary Molecules — Fixing of the Molecular Weights, by Williamson, by Means of Chemical Reactions — Theory of the Formation of Ether — Fusion of the Radical Theory with Dumas' Types — Substituted Ammonias — Polyatomic Radicals — Gerhardt's Theory of Types and System of Classification
Lecture XII. Mixed Types — Relation between Kolbe's Views and the Copulse of Berzelius — Radicals containing Metals — Conjugated Radicals — Kolbe and Frankland and the Views regarding Types — Polybasicity as an Evidence for the Accuracy of the new Atomic Weights — Discovery of the Polyatomic Alcohols and Ammonias
Lecture XIII. Ideas regarding the Types — Elucidation of the Nature of the Radicals by the Valency of the Elements — Quadrivalence of Carbon — Specific Volume — Constitutional Formulae — Separation of the Ideas of Atomicity and Basicity — Isomerism amongst Alcohols and Acids — Physical Isomerism — Unsaturated Substances
Lecture XIV. Theory of the Aromatic Compounds — Determination of Position of Substituted Atoms or Groups — Quinones — Artificial Dyes — Ring Compounds — Constitution of the Alkaloids — Syntheses — Condensation Processes
Lecture XV. The Fundamental Conceptions of Chemistry — Phenomena of Dissociation — Abnormal Vapour Densities — Constant or Variable Valency — The Doctrine of Valency in Inorganic Chemistry — The Periodic Law — Later Development of the Doctrine of Affinity — Spectrum Analysis — Synthesis of Minerals — Continuity of Matter in the Liquid and Gaseous States — Liquefaction of the so-called Permanent Gases — Thermo-Chemistry — Electro-Chemistry — Photo-Chemistry — Molecular Physics — Morphotropy
Lecture XVI. The Doctrine of Phases — Van der Waals's Equation — Theory of Solution — Electrolytic Dissociation — Electro-Chemistry — Attainment of High Temperatures — Low Temperatures — The New Elements in the Atmosphere — The Chemistry of Nitrogen — Transition Temperature — Stereo-Chemistry — Racemism — Syntheses in the Sugar and Uric Acid Groups — Lodoso-Compounds — Terpenes and Perfumes — New Nomenclature
Index of Authors' Names
Index of Subjects