Vanek F., Albright L. Energy Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Implementation

McGraw-Hill, 2008. — 532 p.An essential reference for all engineers and students working with energy systems, Energy Systems Engineering presents a systems approach to future energy needs, covering carbon-based, nuclear, and renewable energy sources. This unique guide explores the latest technology within each energy systems area, the benefits and liabilities of each, the challenges posed by changing energy supplies, the negative impacts from energy consumption, especially CO2 emissions, and the ways in which a portfolio of new technologies can address these problemsOverviewHistoric Growth in Energy Supply
Relationship between Energy, Population, and Wealth
Correlation between Energy Use and Wealth
Human Development Index: An Alternative Means of Evaluating Prosperity
Pressures Facing World due to Energy Consumption
Industrial versus Emerging Countries
Pressure on CO2 Emissions
Observations about Energy Use and CO2 Emissions Trends
Discussion: Contrasting Mainstream and Deep Ecologic Perspectives on Energy Requirements
Units of Measure Used in Energy Systems
Metric (SI) Units
U.S. Standard Customary Units
Units Related to Oil Production and ConsumptionExercisesSystems Tools for Energy Systems
OverviewConserving Existing Energy Resources versus Shifting to Alternative Resources
The Concept of Sustainable Development
Fundamentals of the Systems Approach
Initial Definitions
Steps in the Application of the Systems Approach
Stories, Scenarios, and Models
Other Systems Tools Applied to Energy
Systems Dynamics Models: Exponential Growth, Saturation, and Causal Loops
Other Tools for Energy Systems
Kaya Equation: Factors that Contribute to Overall CO2 Emissions
Life-Cycle Analysis and Energy Return on Investment
Multi-Criteria Analysis of Energy Systems Decisions
Choosing among Alternative Solutions Using Optimization
Understanding Contributing Factors to Time-Series
Energy Trends Using Divisia AnalysisExercisesEconomic Tools for Energy Systems
OverviewThe Time Value of Money
Economic Analysis of Energy Projects and Systems
Definition of Terms
Evaluation without Discounting
Discounted Cash Flow Analysis
Levelized Cost of Energy
Direct versus External Costs and Benefits
Intervention in Energy Investments to Achieve Social Aims
Methods of Intervention in Energy Technology Investments
Critiques of Intervention in Energy InvestmentsExercisesClimate Change and Climate Modeling
OverviewRelationship between the Greenhouse Effect and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Carbon Cycle and Solar Radiation
Quantitative Imbalance in CO2 Flows into and out of the Atmosphere
Consensus on the Human Link to Climate Change: Taking the Next Steps
Early Indications of Change and Remaining Areas of Uncertainty
Modeling Climate and Climate Change
Relationship between Wavelength, Energy Flux, and Absorption
A Model of the Earth-Atmosphere System
General Circulation Models (GCMs) of Global Climate
Climate in the Future
Positive and Negative Feedback from Climate Change
Scenarios for Future Rates of CO2 Emissions, CO2 Stabilization Values, and Average Global Temperature
Current Efforts to Counteract Climate ChangeExercisesFossil Fuel Resources
OverviewCharacteristics of Fossil Fuels
Current Rates of Consumption and Total Resource Availability CO2
Emissions Comparison and a Decarbonizatio Strategy
Decline of Conventional Fossil Fuels and a Possible Transition to Nonconventional Alternatives
Hubbert Curve Applied to Resource Lifetime
Potential Role for Nonconventional Fossil Resources as Substitutes for Oil and Gas
Discussion: The Past and Future of Fossil FuelsExercisesStationary Combustion Systems
OverviewA Systems Approach to Combustion Technology
Fundamentals of Combustion Cycle Calculation
Rankine Vapor Cycle
Brayton Gas Cycle
Advanced Combustion Cycles for Maximum Efficiency
Supercritical Cycle
Combined Cycle
Cogeneration and Combined Heat and Power
Economic Analysis of Investments in High-Efficiency Combustion Systems
Calculation of Levelized Cost of Electricity Production
Economics of Small-Scale Cogeneration Systems: A Case Study
Incorporating Environmental Considerations into Combustion Project Analysis
Fossil Fuel Combustion in the Future
Systems Issues in Combustion in the FutureExercisesCarbon Sequestration
OverviewIndirect Sequestration
The Photosynthesis Reaction: The Core Process of Indirect Sequestration
Indirect Sequestration in Practice
Future Prospects for Indirect Sequestration
Geological Storage of CO
Removing CO2 from Waste Stream
Options for Direct Sequestration in Geologically Stable Reservoirs
Prospects for Geological Sequestration
Sequestration through Conversion of CO2 into Inert Materials
Direct Removal of CO2 from Atmosphere for Sequestration
Overall Comparison of Sequestration OptionsExercisesNuclear Energy Systems
OverviewBrief History of Nuclear Energy
Current Status of Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Resources
Reactions Associated with Nuclear Energy
Availability of Resources for Nuclear Energy
Reactor Designs: Mature Technologies and Emerging Alternatives
Established Reactor Designs
Alternative Fission Reactor Designs
Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Energy and Society: Environmental, Political, and Security Issues
Contribution of Nuclear Energy to Reducing CO2 Emissions
Management of Radioactive Substances During Life-Cycle of Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Energy and the Prevention of Proliferation
The Effect of Public Perception on Nuclear Energy
Future Prospects for Nuclear EnergyExercisesThe Solar Resource
OverviewAvailability of Energy from the Sun and Geographic Availability
Direct, Diffuse, and Global Insolation
Definition of Solar Geometric Terms and Calculation of Sun’s Position by Time of Day
Relationship between Solar Position and Angle of Incidence on Solar Surface
Method for Approximating Daily Energy Reaching a Solar Device
Effect of Diffusion on Solar Performance
Effect of Surface Tilt on DiffusionExercisesSolar Photovoltaic Technologies
OverviewFundamentals of PV Cell Performance
Losses in PV Cells and Gross Current Generated by Incoming Light
Net Current Generated as a Function of Device Parameters
Other Factors Affecting Performance
Calculation of Unit Cost of PV Panels
Design and Operation of Practical PV Systems
Available System Components for Different Types of Designs
Estimating Output from PV System: Basic Approach
Estimating Output from PV System: Extended Approach
Economics of PV Systems
Life-Cycle Energy and Environmental ConsiderationsExercisesSolar Thermal Applications
Overview
General Comments
Active Solar Heating Systems
Flat-Plate Solar Collectors
Evacuated-Tube Solar Collectors
Concentrating Collectors
Heat Transfer in Flat-Plate Solar Collectors
Testing and Rating Procedures for Flat-Plate, Glazed Solar Collectors
Heat Exchangers and Thermal Storages
f-Chart for System Analysis
f-Chart for System Design
Optimizing the Combination of Solar Collector Array and Heat Exchanger
Passive Solar Heating Systems
General
Thermal Comfort Considerations
Building Enclosure Considerations
Heating Degree Days and Seasonal Heat Requirements
Types of Passive Solar Heating Systems
Solar Transmission Through Windows
Load: Collector Ratio for Analysis
Conservation Factor Addendum to LCR Method
Load: Collector Ratio Method for Design
Passive Ventilation by Thermal Buoyancy
Designing Window Overhangs for Passive Solar SystemsExercisesWind Energy Systems
OverviewComponents of a Turbine
Alternative Turbine Designs: Horizontal versus Vertical Axis
Using Wind Data to Evaluate a Potential Location
Using Statistical Distributions to Approximate Available Energy
Effects of Season and Height on Wind Speed
Estimating Output from a Specific Turbine for a Proposed Site
Rated Capacity and Capacity Factor
Turbine Design
Theoretical Limits on Turbine Performance
Tip Speed Ratio, Induced Radial Wind Speed, and Optimal Turbine Rotation Speed
Analysis of Turbine Blade Design
Steps in Turbine Design Process
Economics of Wind Power
Comparison of Large- and Small-Scale WindExercisesTransportation Energy Technologies
OverviewDefinition of Terms
Endpoint Technologies for a Petroleum- and Carbon-Free Transportation System
Competition between Emerging and Incumbent Technologies
Vehicle Design Considerations and Alternative Propulsion Designs
Criteria for Measuring Vehicle Performance
Options for Improving Conventional Vehicle Efficiency
Alternatives to ICEVs: Alternative Fuels and Propulsion Platforms
Battery-Electric Vehicles
Hybrid Vehicles
Biofuels: Transportation Energy from Biological Sources
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems and Vehicles
Well-to-Wheel Analysis as a Means of Comparing AlternativesExercisesSystems Perspective on Transportation Energy
OverviewWays of Categorizing Transportation Systems
Influence of Transportation Type on Energy
Requirements
Units for Measuring Transportation Energy Efficiency
Recent Trends and Current Assessment of Energy Use in Transportation Systems
Passenger Transportation Energy Trends and Current Status
Freight Transportation Energy Trends and Current Status
Applying a Systems Approach to Transportation Energy
Modal Shifting to More Efficient Modes
Rationalizing Transportation Systems to Improve Energy Efficiency
Understanding Transition Pathways for New Technology
Toward a Policy for Future Transportation Energy from a Systems Perspective
Metropolitan Region Energy Efficiency Plan
Allocating Emerging Energy Sources and Technologies to Transportation SectorsExercisesConclusion: Creating the Twenty-First Century Energy System
Overview
Introduction: A Parable about Development
Summary of Issues Facing Energy Systems
Energy Issues and the Contents of This Book
Motivations, Techniques, and Applications
Other Emerging Technologies Not Previously Considered
Pathways to a Sustainable Energy Future: A Case Study
Baseline Scenario Results
Other Possible Scenarios
Discussion
The Role of the Energy Professional in Creating the Energy Systems of the Future
Roles for Energy Professionals Outside of Formal WorkExercise
A Perpetual Julian Date Calendar
B Thermodynamic Tables—Metric Units
C Thermodynamic Tables—U.S. Customary Units